Mughal Empire (1526–1857)

Babur (1526–30): Won the First Battle of Panipat (1526) against Ibrahim Lodi (use of artillery and tulughma tactics); Khanwa (1527) against Rana Sanga; Chanderi (1528); Ghaghra (1529) against the Afghans. Autobiography: Tuzuk-i-Baburi/Baburnama (in Turki).
Humayun (1530–40, 1555–56): Defeated at Chausa (1539) and Kannauj/Bilgram (1540) by Sher Shah; went into exile in Persia; regained Delhi in 1555. Built Din-Panah.
Sur interregnum (1540–55): Sher Shah Suri: Introduced the silver rupiya, Grand Trunk Road, sarais, land revenue reform (measurement, patta and qabuliyat); Rohtas Fort; tomb at Sasaram.
Akbar (1556–1605): Second Battle of Panipat (1556) against Hemu; Haldighati (1576) against Rana Pratap; expanded to Gujarat, Bengal, Kashmir, Sindh, Deccan (Khandesh, Ahmadnagar partly).
Jahangir (1605–27): Nur Jahan's influence; chain of justice; Sir Thomas Roe (1615) visited; execution of Guru Arjan Dev (1606); paintings flourished.
Shah Jahan (1628–58): 'Golden Age' of architecture; Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Peacock Throne; War of succession (1657–58) among sons; imprisoned by Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb (1658–1707): Reimposed jizya (1679); destroyed some temples; Rajput, Maratha and Sikh conflicts; conquered Bijapur (1686) and Golconda (1687); prolonged Deccan campaign.
Sources: Ain-i-Akbari, Akbarnama, Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, Travelogues of Bernier, Tavernier, Manucci.

Q1. The First Battle of Panipat was fought in: (a) 1498 (b) 1526 (c) 1556 (d) 1761 Answer: (b).

Q2. Humayun was defeated by Sher Shah at: (a) Khanwa and Chanderi (b) Chausa and Kannauj (c) Haldighati (d) Talikota Answer: (b).

Q3. Jizya was reimposed in 1679 by: (a) Shah Jahan (b) Jahangir (c) Aurangzeb (d) Bahadur Shah I Answer: (c).